How it works
Text is first encoded as UTF-8 bytes, and each byte is written out as 8 binary digits. Decoding reverses this: each space-separated group of bits is read back as one byte, and the bytes are decoded as UTF-8 text.
Why UTF-8 instead of plain ASCII
Classic 7-bit ASCII only covers 128 characters — enough for basic English text, but not accented letters, symbols, or emoji. UTF-8 extends this by using more than one byte for those characters while staying identical to ASCII for the characters it already covered.
Common uses
Understanding how a specific character is actually stored in memory, or working through a computer science exercise on binary and character encoding by hand.